Current measurements from Recording Doppler Current Meters (RDCP), Acoustic Doppler Current Meters (ADCP) and Recording Current Meters (RCM) from the moorings F11, F12, F13, F14, F17 from the Fram Strait Arctic Outflow Observatory in the East Greenland Current maintained by the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI) since September 2009. Exact locations and additional instrument information is given in the meta data in each data file individually.

A Norwegian Ice Drift Experiment (ICEX) started in 1976 as part of a national contribution to the polar programmes under the Global Atmospheric Research Programme (GARP). The main aim of the experiment is to obtain information on an important climatic parameter: the export of ice from the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait. The project was reorganized in 1981, and became a joint programme between Norsk Polarinstitutt and Det norske meteorologiske institutt, also involving cooperation with the University of Washington's Arctic Ocean Buoy Program. An ICEX measuring capsule has been developed in cooperation with Chr. Michelsens Institutt, Bergen, (Vinje & Steinbakke 1976, Nergaard et al. 1985). The capsule operates effectively in the marginal sea ice areas where it may be subject to frequent ridging and sporadic drift in water. The buoys were deployed from a boat in a pilot project in 1975, from a Cessna 185 aircraft landing on the ice in 1976 and 1977, and they have been air-dropped by the Norwegian Air Force from 1978 onwards. Since 1981 data from the Norwegian buoys have been included in the Arctic Ocean Buoy Program data reports edited by the Polar Science Center, University of Washington. The present data report contains drift tracks and daily values of positions, air pressure (P) mb, air temperatures (TA) about 80 cm above the ice surface, and temperatures (TB) at the bottom of the ICEX capsule. The latter information indicates if the measuring capsule is on the ice or in the water. When free floating, (TB) gives the temperature about 40 cm below the sea surface. During the first five years of the experiment, the air pressure sensors were built at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute, based on an aneroid and a displacement transducer. Another Norwegian pressure transducer has been produced by Aanderaa Instruments. This is based on a silicon chip as sensing element. The Digiquarts pressure sensor from the US firm Paro Scientific has also been used since 1981. The sensor resolution is hetter than 0.1 mb, while the system resolution is 0.4 mb within the normal variation range of the meteorological variables. Series of comparisons in the field showed that the mean difference between the data obtained via Nimbus-6 and the readings on a test set was less than 0.1 mb (Vinje 1978). Later comparisons showed differences of about 1 mb (Vinje 1981). This was, however, well inside the FGGE requirements. The temperature is measured with a radiation shielded termistor. Fenwal UUA 3213. The system resolution is 0.2°C. The ventilation of the sensor is dependent upon the wind speed, and the sensor signal is also dependent upon the heating of the capsule. A series of comparisons in the field showed that the temperatures were correct within ±0.1 °C during conditions with normal ventilation (Vinje 1981). A comparison on Fram Ill (Thorndike et al. 1982) during part of April 1981 indicated temperatures as much as 1 °C - 2°C too high during the warmest part of each day. Otherwise the daily cycle was well resolved and the temperature readings from the ICEX buoy agreed well with the met observer's data. References ========= Nergaard, N., Vinje, T. & Finnekåsa, Ø. 1985: Report on ice buoys in theArctic and the Antarctic. Report No. 851129-1 from Chr. Michelsens institutt, Bergen. Thorndike, A. S., Colony, R. & Munoz, E. A. 1982: [Arctic Ocean Buoy Program. Data Report 1 January 1981 - 31 December 1981](http://iabp.apl.washington.edu/pdfs/AOBP1981Thorndike.pdf). Polar Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle. Vinje, T. E. 1978: Weather and tide observations at Bouvetøya. Norsk Polarinstitutt [Skrifter 169](http://hdl.handle.net/11250/173571). Vinje, T. E. 1981: Meteorological observations from Bouvetøya. Norsk Polarinstitutt [Skrifter 175](http://hdl.handle.net/11250/173651). Vinje, T. E. & Steinbakke, P. 1976: Nimbus-6 located automatic stations in the Svalbard waters in 1975. [Norsk Polarinstitutt Årbok 1975](http://hdl.handle.net/11250/172804).

CTD data collected from RV Helmer Hansen on three cruises in 2014 (January, May, August), north-west of Svalbard

Hydrography data from GPS-CTD-SRDL sensors on five Ringed seals in Kongsfjorden, August-December 2012

Current measurements from Doppler Current Meters (DCM), Recording Doppler Current Meters (RDCP), Acoustic Doppler Current Meters (ADCP) and Recording Current Meters (RCM) from the moorings F11, F12, F13, F14, F17 from the Fram Strait Arctic Outflow Observatory in the East Greenland Current maintained by the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI) since September 1997. F17 has been deployed since 2003. The mooring positions were changed from 79°N to 78°50'N in September 2002. Exact locations and additional instrument information are given in the meta data in each data file individually.

Satlantic ISUS nitrate sonde deployed with ship-borne Seabird CTD system

Hydrographic and current time series data from outside the southern side of the Isfjorden Mouth during 16 September 2005 to 15 September 2006 at 78°03.650’ N; 013°31.369’ E, and 210 m depth. The mooring was deployed by the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) as a part of the AGF course “Polar Ocean Climate” to monitor inflow of Atlantic Water to Isfjorden, and was equipped with two Aanderaa Instruments recoding current meters (RCMs) and one water level recoder (WLR) with auxiliary CTD sensors covering the upper, the intermediate, and the bottom layer. For further details of the mooring and data, see Skogseth et al. (2019).

Bottom mounted ADCP plus temperature chain at entrance to Brepollen, Hornsund, Svalbard

This data set named the Kongsfjorden Transect data is a subset of the UNIS Hydrographic Database (UNIS HD). UNIS HD is a collection of temperature and salinity profiles from the area (1-30°E and 75-81.5°N). The main portion of the Kongsfjorden Transect data were collected during the period 1994-2014 by The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), University of Bergen (UiB), Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI), Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences (IOPAS) and the Arctic University of Norway (UiT). Additional data in the database have been extracted from other data publishers; the Norwegian Marine Data Centre (NMDC, https://www.nmdc.no/), the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) database (https://ocean.ices.dk/HydChem/), the PANGAEA data publisher (https://www.pangaea.de/), and the database from the project Norwegian Iceland Seas Experiment (NISE; Nilsen et al., 2008).